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Generally, the computers built during the World War II era are known as the first generation computers. These are considered the first computers, and were extremely different from the computers we see today. Because the first generation computers were extremely difficult to program, they were designed for a specific task, and they never made it to the general market. These primitive computers relied on vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. Vacuum tubes process data by allowing the passage of electrons while magnetic drums use magnetic material to store data. The 1st generation computers were also extremely slow. However, despite their great number of downfalls, these computers have gradually evolved into computers, as we know them today.

1939-1942: Atanasoff-Barry Computer
The Atanasoff-Barry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic computer. It was developed by physics and mathematics professor John Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Barry. This computer used the binary system found in modern computers and its method for storing data is quite similar to that of the modern computer. However, in 1942, Atanasoff was recruited to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to help with war research, and the ABC was never properly put into working order.

1941: Z3
A German named Konrad Zuse invented the Z3, a computer used to design airplanes and missiles. It was the first program-controlled processor.

1943: Colossus
Built in December of 1943 in Bletchly Park (a research center a few miles north of London), Colossus is a computer specifically designed for code breaking. It was used by the British during World War II to break German coded messages.

1944: Harvard Mark I
Howard Aiken proposes the idea of a fully automatic computer in 1937. With the help of IBM, Aiken was able to develop the Mark I by 1944. The Mark I was about 50 feet wide and 8 feet tall, and it was able to handle 23 digit numbers. In addition to the four basic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, the Mark I was also able to perform trigonometric and probability functions. To input data and instructions, the computer used paper tapes, which were merely toilet-paper-like rolls of punch cards. For output, the Mark I printed the results using two electric typewriters. The Mark I could perform simple addition problems in less than a second and simple multiplication problems in a second or so. However, for more complicated problems, the computer would require as long as a whole minute. The Mark I was known for being the first automatic computer. It used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts. Later, predecessors of the Mark I were introduced to the world, such as the Mark II and the Mark III.

1943-1946: ENIAC
In April of 1943, the building of the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC) commenced. Developed by colleagues John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert Junior and built at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering, ENIAC was the first general-purpose, all-electronic, programmable digital computer. It cost $400,000 to build and it occupied 50 feet by 30 feet of floor space. This humongous computer consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes (used to process data), 70,000 resistors (used to resist the flow of electric current), 10,000 capacitors (the part of an electrical circuit used to store charge), 6,000 switches, and 1,500 relays (used to activate switches when changes in voltages occur). In addition, it weighed 30 tons and used up 160 kilowatts of electrical power. That’s nearly enough to dim every single light in a city as big as Philadelphia! The initial purpose of the ENIAC was to compute the values for artillery range tables, but its first actual task was to make certain calculations for the construction of a hydrogen bomb.

The giant computer made use of plug boards, through which its instructions were entered, and it also made use of conditional branching. Conditional branching gave the ENIAC flexibility, allowing it to execute instructions in different orders, based on the value of the data. The ENIAC also contained accumulators, special registers used to store data, and in addition the computer used a digital number system rather than the binary system used in modern computers today. Furthermore, the computer operated at extremely fast speeds and had the capability to perform 5,000 operations per second.

Courtesy of Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Online. Copyright (c)
Microsoft Encarta Online.

Although the ENIAC was a major breakthrough in the computing world, it also had its problems. For one thing, once a certain task was completed, it would take days to reprogram the computer so that another task could be performed. Every time the computer was completed an operation, it had to be re-wired and its program had to be changed. Because of the great complexities of the ENIAC, this could take many hours, and even days. Another liability of the ENIAC was that because there were so many tubes and components, there were many potential sources of breakdowns. It had to be continuously serviced, and it usually spent one-third of its time down for maintenance.

The ENIAC was used from February 1946 until October 1955.

1945: EDVAC
John von Neumann (1903-1957), a mathematician and physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, played a key role in the development of the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The EDVAC was a successor to the ENIAC, and it had been designed to hopefully correct the weaknesses and problems of its predecessor. The EDVAC had a memory, which held the stored information and data. It was this stored memory that allowed for the EDVAC to be stopped and resumed at various times. The EDVAC also had a central processing unit (CPU), which can be found in many modern computers. The CPU of a computer is analogous to the brain of a person. Some of its duties include executing instructions and performing operations.

1944-1945: Plankalkul
Plankalkul ("Plan Calculus"), developed by Konrad Zuse, was the first real programming language. Plankalkul made use of structured data, in which the records in the database was, a mixture of alphabetic and numeric data. It also used conditional statements, which modified the execution of a program. However, Plankalkul was not generally known outside of Germany.

1947: Transistors
Transistors were first developed in 1947 by Bell Telephone laboratories. They replaced vacuum tubes, which were big, bulky, costly, and unreliable. Transistors are most often used to regulate the flow of an electrical current and to switch electricity on and off.

1948: SSEC
The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was developed by IBM. It occupied space 25 feet by 40 feet and used punch cards, punched tape, vacuum tubes, and relays. It could do 50 multiplications per second, but it was not successful because of its high cost. However, it was of some use. In 1969, it produced tables that were used to plot the course of the spaceship Apollo’s flight to the moon.

Courtesy of Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Online. Copyright (c)Microsoft Encarta Online.

1949: EDSAC
Maurice Wilkes was a mathematician and a physicist at Cambridge University in 1959 when, inspired by the creation of EDVAC, he designed the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). The EDSAC was the first practical stored-program computer (a computer using its memory for the storage of data), although by today’s standards, it would certainly be anything but practical. The EDSAC was humongous (it was smaller than the ENIAC though) and it contained 3000 tubes and used up 30 kilowatts of electric power.

1945-1951: Whirlwind
The Whirlwind computer is the result of a project conducted by Jay Forrester and Robert Everrett at MIT. Started in 1945, it took six years before the Whirlwind would be completed in 1951. Whirlwind was used as an aircraft trainer and flight simulator. Using a concept known as real-time control, Whirlwind was able to simulate flight conditions and to respond accurately to changes such as airspeed, altitude, as well as various other conditions.

1951: UNIVAC
The UNIVAC, or the Universal Automatic Computer, was developed in 1951 by John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert Junior, the creators of the ENIAC. It was a commercial data-processing computer and was generally sold to governments or other commercial businesses, such as the United States Census Bureau and General Electric. In all, 48 of the machines were sold. Although not as big as the ENIAC, the UNIVAC was still humongous compared to today’s computers. It weighed approximately 8 tons and occupied a space 14.5 feet by 7.5 feet by 9 feet. The machine was a stored-program computer and could store up to 12000 digits in its mercury delay line tubes. The UNIVAC had an operator keyboard and a console typewriter for input, and could print its results by a tape printer. One of the computer’s first major achievements was its prediction of the outcome of the 1952 United States presidential election. The UNIVAC was right in predicting that Dwight D. Eisenhower would become the United State’s next president.

Courtesy of Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Online. Copyright (c)
Microsoft Encarta Online.

1953: IBM 701
The IBM 701 was the first electrical computer. In three years, 19 of these machines were sold.

1954: IBM 650
The IBM 650 was the first mass-produced computer. Despite the fact that only 450 of these were sold in one year, a small number compared to today’s statistics, far more of these were sold than any other machine before it. The 650 made use of magnetic drums, which allowed for fast access to stored material.

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***
Although not an extremely new invention, the *** player has just been coming into popularity recently as more and more movies are coming out in *** and as more and more of the general public are buying *** players. Also, it is just recently that *** players have been being built into computers.

***, which stands for Digital Video Disc (or Digital Versatile Disc) is similar to a CD, but it is much faster and bigger (not in physical size, but in storage space and capacity). It can play movies just like the movies seen at the showcase cinemas and at the movie theaters. The movies are played with sharp images and great sounds! The *** has a realistic picture and it plays on a 16 X 9 Enhanced Cinemascope Panoramic Deluxe Ana orphic Wide screen. In English, this means that the *** player can play movies on a 16 X 9 screen. This creates an effect similar to the one found at the movie theater! Furthermore, the *** player can hold computer data. It strives to create a single digital format for all home entertainment systems and computers.

The concept of a *** player was first developed in 1995. The present-day *** format is formed as a result of a combination of two *** proposals. Sony, Phillips, as well as other companies made the first, while the second was made by Toshiba, Matsushita, Time Warner, and various others. With the emergence of the new *** format, it is now officially decided that the *** was developed by ten companies: Hitachi, UVC, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Thomson, Time Warner, and Toshiba. Now, DVDs are not only played on the television screen, but they are also played on computers. Computers built by companies like Apple, IBM, Compaq, and Dell have built-in *** players while companies such as Intel and Microsoft provide *** playback hardware and software!

Pentium 4 Processor
Microprocessors (also known as the central processing unit or CPU) are the very heart of computers. It is up to the microprocessors to interpret and execute instructions and to perform operations. Throughout the years, scientists have found ways to compress more and more information onto the small silicon chip we call a microprocessor. The Pentium 4, developed by Intel, is a new super-fast processor. It is the successor to Intel’s other famous processors, the Pentium 1, 2, and 3. Intel’s Pentium microprocessors are found in nearly all personal computers! The Pentium 4 is a new microprocessor with amazing capabilities! It can operate at speeds of up to 1.80 GHz, which is extremely fast! It can also convert MP3s extremely fast, and with an enhanced multimedia support, it can additionally encode videos at high speeds. The Pentium 4 allows for realistic 3D affects and smooth animation in computer games. With time, the Pentium 4 will replace the Pentium 1s, 2s, and 3s in personal computers. Computers will be operating at amazing heights!

Intel Wireless Series
The company, Intel, has developed a series of wireless peripherals for computers. All of these allow for easy and comfortable computer usage.

Base Station
The Base Station is at the very heart of the Intel Wireless Series. All the wireless peripherals connect to the computer via the Base Station. This product allows for the connection of up to eight other wireless products to a personal computer and to the Internet.

Wireless Keypad
The Wireless Keypad is a keypad that does not need to be connected to the computer via wires! It can operate anywhere within a 3 meter radius of the Base Station, and it even includes a folding palm rest! The Wireless Keyboard is designed for as much comfort to the user as possible. It allows for more movement and can be placed at a comfortable location. This keyboard also includes special multimedia keys and it connects to the computer via a PS/2 or USB connection.

Wireless Mouse
The Wireless Mouse, like the Wireless Keyboard is specifically designed for comfort and mobility. It can be positioned anywhere within a 3 meter radius of the Base Station. This maximizes the comfort of the user. In addition, the mouse contains a scrolling wheel and three programmable buttons.

Game Pad
The Game Pad consists of controllers that are specially designed for various computer games. Like the mouse and keyboard, it, too, works anywhere within a 3 meter radius of the Base Station and is designed for comfort. Its sleek design and customizable controls allow for the greatest comfort for its users and its target precision and character profile sharing make it easy to use. In addition, the Game Pad allows for multiple players!

Call-Waiting Modem
Have you ever been annoyed by the fact that whenever you go online, you can’t receive phone calls? Well, Actiontec Electronics, Inc. designed a call-waiting feature on modems. This feature screens incoming phone calls while you are online. You can either choose to ignore the call if you feel that it is un-important, or you can choose to pick up the phone and talk with whoever is calling. Choosing to pick up the phone will not drop the Internet connection! Previously, there had been a feature on modems that would put the modem on hold. This means that all Internet activity would be paused while you talk with a friend, your parents, your boss, etc. However, with the new call-waiting feature, the Internet connection would not be interrupted at all!

Mac OS X
The Mac OS X is an easy-to-use operating system developed by Apple, Inc. It is fast and has an easy navigation system. It has an interface that includes a custom toolbar, which gives users many options and choices. This allows the user to choose what best suits his or her taste! The Mac OS X also has a UNIX-based foundation called Darwin. Using Darwin, the memory architecture is protected. This means that separate applications have separate areas in the memory, and thus if one application gets messed up, the computer does not need to restart in order to work properly. This makes it easy for multi-tasking.

iTunes, iMovie 2, and iDVD
Apple, Inc. recently designed the new software, iTunes, iMovie 2, and iDVD. These maximize computer experiences by allowing for all sorts of easy-to-use functions and operations. They are the very essence of computers today!

iTunes

iTunes is a software used to operate with all sorts of MP3 functions. It can import music from CDs to MP3s and it can also create libraries of MP3s. It can be used to burn CDs with music specifically designed by the user, and it can also be used to browse radio stations. Using iTunes, the user can listen to radio stations broadcasting anything from country to pop to jazz to classical! Most importantly, iTunes plays all the music smoothly and with a great effect!

iMovies

iMovies is a software used to make desktop movies. Users can make their own movies, and then they can add special visual and sound effects. Once finished, they can share their awesome creations with friends and family!

iDVD

iDVD allows users to make their own DVDs. The DVDs created are not some poor-quality products, but actually have many of the same features as Hollywood created DVDs! The general public can now create their very own high-quality movies!

iMac
The iMac is a user-friendly Macintosh developed by Apple, Inc. It is appealing to the general public because of its availability in spiffy colors, such as Indigo, Flower Power, Blue Dalmatian, and Graphite. In addition, it has some of Apple’s software, iTunes and iMovies 2, installed. It also uses Apple’s famous operating system, Mac OS X and the Apple Pro Mouse and Apple Pro Keyboard. The Apple Pro Keyboard has 108 keys, some of which include special keys that when pressed, can adjust the audio volume, can mute the speakers, and can eject CDs from the drive. In addition, the keyboard contains a flip-out foot that allows for it to be placed at a comfortable angle. The iMac also comes with a built-in 56K modem.

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