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The hunting of whales began in prehistoric times dating back to about 6 000 BC. It began with organised fleets in the 17th century, competitive national whaling industries in the 18th and 19th centuries, to the introduction of factory ships and the introduction of the concept of whale ‘harvesting’ in the 20th century. Prehistoric whaling seemed to have a low ecological impact, however, early whaling in the Arctic altered freshwater ecology considerably. Whaling was spurred on by the increase in the demand for whale oil, margarine and whale meat.

The oldest known method of whaling was to drive them ashore by placing a few small boats amongst the animal to frighten them with noise and activity, herding them towards the shore to beach. This method was mostly used for small species, such as the Pilot Whale, Beluga, Porpoise and Narwhal. Next, they used an object called a drogue, such as a wooden drum or inflated sealskin which they tied to an arrow or harpoon, in the hope that the whale would tire enough to be approached and killed. Evidence suggests that this practice began as early as 6000 BC in South Korea. But whaling with drogues was especially practiced by the Ainu, Iniut, Native Americans and people of the Bay of Biscay. Rock carvings have also been unearthed showing several Sperm Whales, Humpback Whales and North Pacific Right Whales being surrounded by boats.

The International Whaling Commission (IWC) was set up in 1946 to conserve whales and to regulate whaling. The IWC attempted to maintain world commercial whaling through quotas in an effort to allow individual whale stocks to replenish in number. During the first twenty-five years of the International Whaling Commissions existence, the organization saw the continued overexploitation and depletion of whale stocks. The recommendations of the International Whaling Commissions Scientific Committee at that time, were ignored by the whaling countries. As a result, whale stocks continued to be over exploited, and the advice concerning sustainable catch limits were ignored. When populations were finally protected from further hunting, it was usually after they had already collapsed. By the time the moratorium (ban) on commercial whaling came into force in 1986, some whale species had been reduced by more than 95%.

The 1970s saw the beginning of the global anti-whaling movement and the International Whaling Commission was bombarded by protests against the killing of whales, Stop Whaling and Save the Whales were frequent slogans on banners and Anti Whaling T-shirts. In 1972 the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm adopted a proposal that recommended a ten year moratorium on commercial whaling to allow whale stocks to recover. The reports of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1977 and 1981 identified many species of whales as being in danger of extinction. Finally, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, completed in 1982, said that, "member states shall cooperate with a view to the conservation of marine mammals and in the case of whales shall in particular work through the appropriate international organizations for the conservation, management and study." A number of non whaling and anti whaling states joined the Convention and eventually gained a majority over a dwindling number of pro whaling nations. Nations like the United States, previously considered major whaling forces, became strong proponents of the anti whaling cause. The new conservation minded states began to advocate greater restrictions on the killing of whales after scientific studies proved the advanced intellectual capacity of whales. These nations, along with the global community, called for the International Whaling Commission to reform its whaling policies to save the whale and stop whaling.